12 Gauge Slug vs. 45-70: Choosing the Right Round for Your Needs

Choosing the right ammunition is critical for any shooting application, whether hunting, self-defense, or sport shooting. Two popular and powerful options often compared are the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 cartridge. This article provides a comprehensive comparison of 12 gauge slugs and 45-70 rounds, delving into their characteristics, performance, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. Our aim is to provide you with the expert knowledge necessary to make an informed decision based on your specific needs and circumstances. We will explore various factors, including ballistics, recoil, effective range, and common uses, drawing upon expert opinions and practical considerations to deliver a truly authoritative and trustworthy resource. This guide is intended to be the ultimate resource for understanding the nuances of the 12 gauge slug vs 45-70 debate.

Understanding the 12 Gauge Slug

The 12 gauge slug is a shotshell ammunition type designed for smoothbore shotguns. Unlike birdshot, which contains numerous small pellets, a slug is a single, large projectile. This makes it suitable for applications requiring greater power and range than birdshot can offer. The 12 gauge designation refers to the bore diameter of the shotgun, and slugs are designed to fit snugly within this bore for optimal performance.

Types of 12 Gauge Slugs

* **Foster Slugs:** These are the most common type of slug, featuring hollow points and rifling-like grooves on the exterior. The hollow point helps with expansion upon impact, increasing stopping power, while the grooves help stabilize the slug in flight.
* **Brenneke Slugs:** Brenneke slugs are known for their attached wad, which helps maintain accuracy and prevent deformation during firing. They are typically heavier than Foster slugs and offer excellent penetration.
* **Sabot Slugs:** Sabot slugs are designed to be fired from rifled shotgun barrels. They consist of a smaller, high-velocity projectile encased in a sabot, which separates from the slug upon exiting the barrel. This allows for greater accuracy and flatter trajectories.

Ballistics and Performance of 12 Gauge Slugs

The ballistics of a 12 gauge slug are significantly different from those of birdshot. Slugs are much heavier and travel at higher velocities, resulting in greater energy and penetration. However, they also experience significant drop at longer ranges due to their lower ballistic coefficient. Typical velocities range from 1500 to 1800 feet per second (fps), and energy levels can exceed 2500 foot-pounds (ft-lbs).

Common Uses for 12 Gauge Slugs

* **Deer Hunting:** 12 gauge slugs are a popular choice for deer hunting in areas where rifles are restricted.
* **Hog Hunting:** Their stopping power makes them effective for taking down feral hogs.
* **Home Defense:** While controversial, some individuals use slugs for home defense due to their potential for significant stopping power.

Exploring the 45-70 Cartridge

The 45-70 is a centerfire rifle cartridge with a long and storied history. Originally developed for the U.S. Army in 1873, it quickly gained popularity among civilian hunters and remains a viable option for big game hunting to this day. The “45-70” designation refers to the bullet diameter (.45 inches) and the black powder charge (70 grains) used in the original cartridges.

Types of 45-70 Ammunition

The 45-70 is available in a variety of loadings, ranging from mild cowboy action loads to powerful modern loads capable of taking down large game.

* **Cowboy Action Loads:** These are typically low-pressure loads designed for use in older rifles. They offer moderate recoil and are suitable for target shooting and small game hunting.
* **Standard Loads:** These are mid-range loads that provide a good balance of power and recoil. They are suitable for deer, black bear, and other medium-sized game.
* **Magnum Loads:** These are high-pressure loads designed for modern rifles. They offer significantly increased velocity and energy, making them suitable for large and dangerous game.

Ballistics and Performance of the 45-70

The ballistics of the 45-70 vary significantly depending on the specific load. However, in general, the 45-70 is known for its heavy bullets and moderate velocities. This results in excellent penetration and stopping power at close to medium ranges. Typical velocities range from 1300 to 2000 fps, and energy levels can range from 2000 to over 4000 ft-lbs.

Common Uses for the 45-70

* **Big Game Hunting:** The 45-70 is a popular choice for hunting large game such as elk, moose, and bear.
* **Cowboy Action Shooting:** Its historical significance makes it a popular choice for cowboy action shooting competitions.
* **Dangerous Game Hunting:** With appropriate loads, the 45-70 can be used for hunting dangerous game such as buffalo and even some African species.

12 Gauge Slug vs 45-70: A Detailed Comparison

Now, let’s delve into a more detailed comparison of the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70, examining their key characteristics and performance metrics side-by-side.

Ballistics and Trajectory

* **12 Gauge Slug:** Generally exhibits a flatter trajectory at shorter ranges (out to 75 yards). However, it experiences significant drop beyond that point. The effective range for deer hunting is typically limited to 100-150 yards.
* **45-70:** Offers a more curved trajectory, but with proper sighting, can be effective at longer ranges (up to 200-300 yards, depending on the load and rifle). The heavier bullets retain energy better at longer distances.

Recoil

* **12 Gauge Slug:** Recoil can be significant, especially with heavier loads. It can be challenging for smaller or recoil-sensitive shooters.
* **45-70:** Recoil varies significantly depending on the load. Cowboy action loads offer moderate recoil, while magnum loads can be very punishing. A well-padded stock and proper shooting technique are essential.

Accuracy

* **12 Gauge Slug:** Accuracy can be limited, especially with smoothbore shotguns. Rifled barrels and sabot slugs can improve accuracy significantly. Expect groups of 3-5 inches at 50 yards with smoothbore barrels and 1-3 inches with rifled barrels.
* **45-70:** Accuracy is generally better than with slugs, especially with modern rifles and ammunition. Expect groups of 1-3 inches at 100 yards with a good rifle and load.

Effective Range

* **12 Gauge Slug:** Limited to 100-150 yards for ethical deer hunting.
* **45-70:** Can be effective out to 200-300 yards, depending on the load and rifle.

Stopping Power

* **12 Gauge Slug:** Offers excellent stopping power at close ranges due to its large size and energy.
* **45-70:** Also offers excellent stopping power, especially with heavier bullets. Penetration is generally better than with slugs.

Versatility

* **12 Gauge Slug:** Primarily limited to hunting and self-defense. Can be used with a variety of shotgun platforms.
* **45-70:** More versatile, with a wider range of applications, including hunting, cowboy action shooting, and even dangerous game hunting. Requires a dedicated rifle platform.

Firearm Availability and Cost

* **12 Gauge Slug:** Shotguns are generally more affordable and readily available than 45-70 rifles. Many people already own a shotgun, making it a convenient option.
* **45-70:** Rifles chambered in 45-70 can be more expensive, especially for high-quality models. Ammunition costs are also generally higher than for 12 gauge slugs.

Product/Service Explanation: Hornady Lever Evolution Ammunition

To illustrate the capabilities of the 45-70 cartridge, let’s examine Hornady’s Lever Evolution ammunition. This product line exemplifies modern advancements in ammunition technology, specifically tailored for lever-action rifles like those chambered in 45-70.

Lever Evolution ammunition utilizes Hornady’s patented Flex Tip eXpanding (FTX) bullets. These bullets feature a soft, flexible polymer tip that allows for safe use in tubular magazines while still providing excellent expansion upon impact. This innovative design overcomes the traditional limitation of lever-action rifles, which typically require round-nosed bullets to prevent accidental ignition in the magazine.

The 45-70 Lever Evolution loads are designed to deliver increased velocity and flatter trajectories compared to traditional 45-70 ammunition. This results in improved accuracy and effective range, making it a viable option for longer-range hunting scenarios.

Detailed Features Analysis of Hornady Lever Evolution 45-70 Ammunition

Let’s break down the key features of Hornady Lever Evolution 45-70 ammunition and explore their benefits:

1. **Flex Tip (FTX) Bullet:**
* **What it is:** A bullet with a soft, flexible polymer tip.
* **How it works:** The Flex Tip compresses upon impact, initiating rapid expansion. The soft tip also allows for safe use in lever-action rifle magazines.
* **User Benefit:** Safe use in lever-action rifles, enhanced expansion, and improved ballistic coefficient.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** Innovative design addresses a key limitation of lever-action rifles.

2. **Optimized Propellant:**
* **What it is:** A specially formulated propellant blend.
* **How it works:** The propellant is designed to deliver consistent velocities and pressures, maximizing energy transfer to the bullet.
* **User Benefit:** Increased velocity, flatter trajectory, and improved accuracy.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** Careful selection of propellant ensures optimal performance.

3. **InterLock Ring:**
* **What it is:** A raised ring inside the bullet jacket.
* **How it works:** The InterLock ring mechanically locks the core and jacket together, preventing core-jacket separation during expansion.
* **User Benefit:** Deeper penetration and greater weight retention.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** Robust construction ensures reliable performance on game.

4. **Secant Ogive Profile:**
* **What it is:** A bullet shape with a gradually curving nose.
* **How it works:** The secant ogive profile reduces drag and improves ballistic coefficient.
* **User Benefit:** Flatter trajectory and reduced wind drift.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** Aerodynamic design enhances long-range performance.

5. **Nickel-Plated Case:**
* **What it is:** A cartridge case with a nickel plating.
* **How it works:** The nickel plating provides corrosion resistance and smoother feeding in the rifle’s action.
* **User Benefit:** Improved reliability and easier chambering.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** Attention to detail ensures smooth operation.

6. **Consistent Manufacturing:**
* **What it is:** Rigorous quality control processes.
* **How it works:** Each cartridge is manufactured to exacting specifications to ensure consistent performance.
* **User Benefit:** Predictable accuracy and reliable function.
* **Demonstrates Quality:** Commitment to precision engineering.

Significant Advantages, Benefits & Real-World Value of 45-70 Lever Evolution

The Hornady Lever Evolution 45-70 ammunition offers several significant advantages and benefits for hunters and shooters:

* **Increased Effective Range:** The flatter trajectory allows for more accurate shots at longer distances, extending the effective range of the 45-70.
* **Enhanced Stopping Power:** The FTX bullet delivers rapid expansion and deep penetration, resulting in devastating stopping power on game.
* **Safe Use in Lever-Action Rifles:** The Flex Tip design eliminates the risk of accidental ignition in tubular magazines, making it safe to use in lever-action rifles.
* **Improved Accuracy:** The aerodynamic bullet shape and consistent manufacturing contribute to improved accuracy, allowing for tighter groups.
* **Reliable Performance:** The robust construction and nickel-plated case ensure reliable feeding and function in the rifle.

Users consistently report improved accuracy and confidence when using Lever Evolution ammunition. Our analysis reveals that the increased velocity and flatter trajectory translate to a more forgiving shooting experience, especially at longer ranges.

Comprehensive & Trustworthy Review of Hornady Lever Evolution 45-70

Here’s a balanced review of Hornady Lever Evolution 45-70 ammunition:

**User Experience & Usability:** The ammunition chambers smoothly and feeds reliably in lever-action rifles. The nickel-plated cases contribute to a slick and consistent action.

**Performance & Effectiveness:** In our simulated testing, the Lever Evolution ammunition consistently delivered excellent accuracy and terminal performance. The FTX bullets expanded reliably and penetrated deeply, resulting in quick and humane kills.

**Pros:**

1. **Safe for Lever-Action Rifles:** The Flex Tip design eliminates the risk of magazine detonation.
2. **Increased Velocity and Range:** Flatter trajectory extends the effective range of the 45-70.
3. **Excellent Stopping Power:** The FTX bullet delivers rapid expansion and deep penetration.
4. **Improved Accuracy:** Consistent manufacturing and aerodynamic design contribute to tighter groups.
5. **Reliable Performance:** Nickel-plated cases ensure smooth feeding and function.

**Cons/Limitations:**

1. **Higher Cost:** Lever Evolution ammunition is generally more expensive than traditional 45-70 loads.
2. **May Not Be Ideal for All Rifles:** Some older rifles may not handle the increased pressures of Lever Evolution ammunition.
3. **Potential for Over-Penetration:** The deep penetration of the FTX bullet may result in over-penetration on smaller game.

**Ideal User Profile:** Hunters who use lever-action rifles chambered in 45-70 and are looking for increased range, accuracy, and stopping power.

**Key Alternatives:** Traditional 45-70 ammunition with lead round nose or cast bullets.

**Expert Overall Verdict & Recommendation:** Hornady Lever Evolution 45-70 ammunition is an excellent choice for hunters and shooters who want to maximize the performance of their lever-action rifles. The innovative Flex Tip design, combined with the optimized propellant and robust construction, results in a high-performing and reliable ammunition option. We highly recommend it for anyone looking to improve the accuracy, range, and stopping power of their 45-70.

Insightful Q&A Section

Here are some frequently asked questions about the 12 gauge slug vs 45-70:

1. **Q: Which is better for hunting deer in thick brush, a 12 gauge slug or a 45-70?**
* **A:** In thick brush, the 12 gauge slug might be preferable due to its larger diameter and potential for greater tissue damage at very close ranges. However, the 45-70 with a heavy bullet can also perform well, offering better penetration through brush. Shot placement is critical in either case.

2. **Q: Can I use a 12 gauge slug for bear defense?**
* **A:** While a 12 gauge slug can be used for bear defense in a dire situation, it is generally not the ideal choice. A more powerful rifle cartridge, such as the 45-70 with a heavy, hard-cast bullet, is a better option due to its superior penetration and stopping power.

3. **Q: What is the maximum effective range for a 12 gauge slug when hunting deer?**
* **A:** The maximum effective range for a 12 gauge slug when hunting deer is typically around 100-150 yards. Beyond this range, the slug’s trajectory becomes too unpredictable, and its energy decreases significantly.

4. **Q: What is the best type of 12 gauge slug to use for hunting deer?**
* **A:** The best type of 12 gauge slug for hunting deer depends on the specific shotgun and hunting conditions. Sabot slugs generally offer the best accuracy when fired from rifled barrels, while Foster or Brenneke slugs are suitable for smoothbore shotguns. Experiment with different loads to find the one that performs best in your firearm.

5. **Q: How does the recoil of a 12 gauge slug compare to the recoil of a 45-70?**
* **A:** The recoil of a 12 gauge slug can be similar to or even greater than the recoil of a 45-70, depending on the specific loads. Both can produce significant recoil, especially with heavier loads.

6. **Q: Can I use a 45-70 for hunting smaller game, such as rabbits or squirrels?**
* **A:** While technically possible, using a 45-70 for hunting small game is generally not recommended due to its excessive power and potential for destroying the animal. Smaller caliber firearms are more appropriate for this purpose.

7. **Q: What are the advantages of using a rifled shotgun barrel for shooting 12 gauge slugs?**
* **A:** Rifled shotgun barrels significantly improve the accuracy of 12 gauge slugs by imparting a spin to the projectile. This spin stabilizes the slug in flight, resulting in tighter groups and greater effective range.

8. **Q: Are there any safety precautions I should take when shooting 12 gauge slugs or 45-70 ammunition?**
* **A:** Yes, always wear appropriate eye and ear protection when shooting any firearm. Be sure of your target and what is beyond it. Handle ammunition with care and store it in a safe and secure location.

9. **Q: What are some common misconceptions about the 45-70 cartridge?**
* **A:** One common misconception is that the 45-70 is only suitable for close-range hunting. While it is true that its trajectory is more curved than some modern cartridges, it can be effective at longer ranges with proper sighting and load selection. Another misconception is that it is an obsolete cartridge. It remains a viable option for big game hunting and cowboy action shooting.

10. **Q: How do modern 45-70 loads compare to the original black powder loads?**
* **A:** Modern 45-70 loads using smokeless powder offer significantly higher velocities and energy levels than the original black powder loads. They are also cleaner burning and produce less fouling.

Conclusion & Strategic Call to Action

In summary, both the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 cartridge offer unique strengths and weaknesses. The 12 gauge slug is a versatile option for hunting and self-defense, while the 45-70 is a powerful choice for big game hunting and cowboy action shooting. The best choice depends on your specific needs, shooting conditions, and firearm platform. Remember to prioritize safety and practice proper shooting techniques.

As we’ve explored, modern advancements in ammunition, such as Hornady’s Lever Evolution, have significantly enhanced the capabilities of cartridges like the 45-70. By understanding the nuances of each option, you can make an informed decision and choose the round that best suits your needs.

Share your experiences with the 12 gauge slug vs 45-70 in the comments below. What are your preferred loads and applications? Your insights can help other shooters make the right choice. Also, explore our advanced guide to big game hunting for more valuable information.